不同氮效率油菜种质苗期氮吸收转运与利用差异研究

氮效率研究是油菜营养性状遗传改良的前提,为探究不同氮效率油菜种质苗期氮吸收、转运和利用的异同,以2个氮效率差异油菜种质H6（氮高效）和L18（氮低效）为供试材料,利用水培营养液设置正常氮（CK）和低氮（LN）2个氮浓度处理,培养14d后检测植株氮含量,计算氮累积量、氮转运系数和氮利用效率。结果显示,不同氮浓度处理对油菜苗期氮的吸收、转运和利用效率影响的差异达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）。与CK相比,LN处理的油菜生物量、氮含量和氮累积量均显著降低,而氮利用效率和根冠比显著提高;氮高效油菜种质H6的生物量、氮累积量、氮转运系数和氮生理利用效率均显著大于氮低效种质L18,分别为L18的2.07、1.42、3.23和1.56倍。从氮的吸收、转运和利用3个方面探讨了低氮胁迫处理下油菜种质苗期氮效率差异的原因,对深入开展油菜氮高效机理研究及油菜品种氮效率改良具有一定的指导意义。     

模式生物果蝇在水环境污染物毒理学中的应用及研究进展

经济发展以及人类活动加速造成生态环境破坏,工业及生活污水的过度排放使得江河、海水的污染加剧,对人类健康的危害也日益加深。果蝇作为一种经典的模式生物,与其它动物模型相比,具有饲养成本低、生命周期短、繁殖能力强、遗传物质简单、突变表型多且易于观察等诸多优点,是一种应用广泛并适合于研究人类疾病和毒理学的模式生物。简述了水环境中挥发性有机化合物、氟喹诺酮类药物、重金属、农药和微生物毒素等污染物对果蝇的毒理学研究,提出了果蝇作为经典的模式生物在研究毒理学机制以及筛选抗毒药物的优势,并对未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

硅藻土吸附固定化Bacillus sp.DL-2胞内蛋白酶拆分制备(S)-乙酸苏合香酯

[目的](S)-乙酸苏合香酯是手性药物合成的关键手性砌块,其在多种手性化合物的合成及医药、香料的工业生产中具有重要的作用.传统的化学合成手性化合物的方法需要有毒有机溶剂及重金属的参与,对环境及人类具有严重的危害,同时得到的手性化合物的光学纯度较低.与传统的化学合成相比,酶法选择性拆分消旋体化合物,具有高立体专一性和区域选择性、副反应少、产率高、产物光学纯度好以及反应条件温和的优点,是一种被广泛认可的拆分方法.实验表明,Bacillus sp.DL-2胞内蛋白游离酶可拆分制备(S)-乙酸苏合香酯,然而游离酶不易回收且稳定性差,将Bacillus sp.DL-2胞内蛋白游离酶制备成固定化制剂,克服了游离酶对环境敏感,稳定性不高的缺点,为工业化生产(S)-乙酸苏合香酯奠定了基础.[方法]酶的固定化方法主要有物理吸附法、离子结合法、共价结合法、交联法和包埋法.以吸附法固定酶,酶的构象很少改变,因此,酶的催化活力损失较少;且吸附法固定化操作过程简单,因此吸附法在经济上是最具吸引力的固定化方法.硅藻土由硅藻的细胞壁沉积而成,硅藻土表面的多孔性与负电性使其呈现明显表面吸附性,因而被常用做吸附载体.以硅藻土作为固定化载体,对Bacillus sp.DL-2胞内蛋白酶进行固定化,用以拆分制备高光学纯的(S)-乙酸苏合香酯.利用单因素实验优化,确定制备固定化酶的最佳固定化条件及制备(S)-乙酸苏合香酯的最佳拆分条件,并测定了制备的固定化酶对金属离子的敏感度及储存稳定性.[结果]最佳固定化条件为:温度40℃,pH为7,固定化时间10 h,载体添加量100 g/L.在最佳固定化条件下制备了固定化酶,优化确定了制备(S)-乙酸苏合香酯的最佳拆分条件为:固定化酶用量为160 mg/mL,拆分时间7 h,拆分温度30℃,缓冲液pH为7.[结论]在最佳固定化及拆分条件下,制备的(S)-乙酸苏合香酯e.e.值可达到96.8％,转化率为73.9％,且固定化酶对金属离子敏感度较低,对反应环境要求较低,适用于工业化生产.固定化酶在4℃条件下储存,随保存周数的增加,e.e.值及转化率均逐渐降低,但4周后e.e.值仍能达到90.1％,转化率保持在66.6％左右,具备较高的储存稳定性,为工业化生产(S)-乙酸苏合香酯提供了参考.     

打顶时间对一膜三行等行距密植机采棉的影响

为探索1膜3行等行距机采棉模式下不同打顶时间对棉花生长发育、产量及品质的影响，在新疆生产建设兵团第一师十二团试验站开展不同打顶时间试验，6月20日－7月10日每隔5 d为一个打顶时间处理，采用定点定时调查方法研究不同打顶时间处理后棉花农艺性状、产量和品质的变化情况。结果表明，打顶早的处理棉花营养生长向生殖生长转化快，富余养分流向叶枝，叶枝成铃多。6月30日打顶的产量最高，显著高于其它4个处理。6月20日和25日打顶的处理虽然铃重大，但单株果枝数少，单株结铃少，产量低于7月5日和7月10日打顶处理。打顶早的棉花纤维上半部平均长度和马克隆值优于打顶晚的处理。     

盐酸多西环素片在羔羊体内残留消除规律及休药期分析

旨在确定盐酸多西环素片按照给药说明给药后在羔羊体内的残留消除规律及休药期。将盐酸多西环素片根据体重以5 mg·kg^-1内服给药，间隔24 h，连续给药5次。在最后1次给药后，分别在第0（12小时）、1、2、3、5、7和9天时间点采集羔羊脂肪、肌肉、肝和肾，采用建立并验证的HPLC-VWD方法测定组织中多西环素的含量。结果显示：方法学考察结果表明，在50~5 000 ng·mL^-1添加的线性方程和相关系数为y=0.044x-0.414，R²=0.999。试验结果表明，多西环素在羔羊组织中代谢快速，最后1次给药后第9天，在肌肉、肝、肾和脂肪中均未检测到多西环素。本试验以5 mg·kg^-1体重内服给予羔羊盐酸多西环素片后，根据欧洲药品评估机构法规《EMEA/CVMP/036/95》，建议盐酸多西环素片在羔羊组织中的休药期为2 d。     

Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

木荷的经济价值及培育措施

指出了木荷是云南的珍贵树种,种源稀少,通过森林资源调查,发现了南华县雨露乡铅厂村委会有部分零星资源分布,保护种质资源,意义重大。通过梳理,阐述了木荷资源在南华县的分布特征、经济价值和园林应用,提出了充分利用木荷资源的具体措施,制定了种苗培育的实施方案,以有利于城市绿化建设,创建秀美河山。     

沙蒿多糖组合制剂对滩羊羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究沙蒿多糖不同组合制剂对滩羊羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性的影响。选择健康、体重相近的断奶滩羊公羔60只,按体重随机分为4个组,每组15只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+5.5 g/d包被丁酸钠、5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+5.5 g/d丁酸甘油酯和5.5 g/d沙蒿多糖+1.1 g/d莫能菌素的试验饲粮。预试期为15 d,正试期为60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验1组和试验2组滩羊瘤胃液乙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸比例显著提高(P<0.05)。2)试验2组的Chao1指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组的Shannon指数和Simpson指数有高于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。3)门水平上,与对照组相比,试验1组瘤胃液中软壁菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),厚壁菌门和丝状杆菌门的相对丰度有升高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);试验2组瘤胃液中绿弯菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),而疣微菌门的相对丰度有升高的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);试验3组瘤胃液中蓝藻菌门和互养菌门的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。4)属水平上,与对照组相比,试验1组瘤胃液中理研菌科RC9的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),解琥珀酸菌属和丹毒丝菌属的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05);试验2组瘤胃液中Sharpea的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),假丁酸弧菌属的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05);试验3组瘤胃液中理研菌科RC9和Sharpea的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),互营球菌属的相对丰度有增加的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。由此可见,饲粮添加沙蒿多糖组合制剂均可提高滩羊羔羊菌群多样性,改善瘤胃微生物区系,且以添加沙蒿多糖+包被丁酸钠的效果最好。     

Improvement,identification, and target prediction for miRNAs in the porcine genome by using massive,public high-throughput sequencing data

Despite the broad variety of available microRNA (miRNA) research tools and methods, their application to the identification, annotation, and target prediction of miRNAs in nonmodel organisms is still limited. In this study, we collected nearly all public sRNA-seq data to improve the annotation for known miRNAs and identify novel miRNAs that have not been annotated in pigs (Sus scrofa). We newly annotated 210 mature sequences in known miRNAs and found that 43 of the known miRNA precursors were problematic due to redundant/missing annotations or incorrect sequences. We also predicted 811 novel miRNAs with high confidence, which was twice the current number of known miRNAs for pigs in miRBase. In addition, we proposed a correlation-based strategy to predict target genes for miRNAs by using a large amount of sRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. We found that the correlation-based strategy provided additional evidence of expression compared with traditional target prediction methods. The correlation-based strategy also identified the regulatory pairs that were controlled by nonbinding sites with a particular pattern, which provided abundant complementarity for studying the mechanism of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. In summary, our study improved the annotation of known miRNAs, identified a large number of novel miRNAs, and predicted target genes for all pig miRNAs by using massive public data. This large data-based strategy is also applicable for other nonmodel organisms with incomplete annotation information.     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.